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ABOUT
BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
OF
HAYDEN MILL
Thomas Jones
Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd.
April 2006
INTRODUCTION
The following synopsis of the Hayden Flour Mill is
presented from documents and photographic images collected between March 14 and
April 6, 2006. A number of these photos are referenced in multiple secondary
reports and volumes, some with chronological discrepancies. Additional archival
materials may illuminate the discrepancies. Additional photographs will be added
as I’ve received them. Based on data received thus far, it appears that the
Hayden Flour Mill comprises at least three architectural phases, or periods of
use between 1874 and 1966. Each phase is described and accompanied with
photographs.
Phase 1: 1874 - ca. 1881
Charles Trumbull Hayden began construction of the Hayden
Flour Mill in 1872, completing the structure by May, 1874 (Arizona Citizen,
May 30, 1874). Initially, one grinding stone was installed, with room to add
more if necessary. The mill foundation was constructed on bedrock, with a
waterwheel powered by a waterfall, which was reported by two separate
correspondents as 24 ft and 30 ft in height (the mill itself was described as a
two-story and three-story structure—the basement was probably included by one
correspondent). In 1877, a run of French burr stones was added to accommodate
high demand for the flour (Arizona Sentinel, July 7, 1877 and Arizona
Miner, September 21, 1877). An 1878 description of the mill follows:
He has a
canal six miles long, bringing water for irrigating and power for the mill,
which is a nice, roomy two-story adobe building with two run of stone. There is
a head of 24ft, the motive power being a turbine wheel, which is capable of
running four run of stone without difficulty, and space is provided in the mill
for setting up additional machinery if needed.
The mill is
built on solid rock foundation, and all of the running gear likely to take fire
from friction, or any other cause can be instantly flooded with water from the
canal, pipes and hose being already in position for that purpose...
Between the
mill and the edge of the river bank, Mr H. is just finishing a blacksmith shop,
with three forges, and wagon shop adjoining, to do his own work and accommodate
the public.
The
Enterprise, June 12, 1878
In March, 1879, W. Star reported that Hayden
had a running sugar mill at the ferry (Phoenix Herald, March 6, 1879). It
is currently unclear where the sugar mill was located, or how long it was in
operation. REF _Ref131915983 \h Figure 1
and REF _Ref131915990 \h Figure 2
may represent this early phase of the Hayden Flour Mill. This interpretation is
problematic, considering that the text on the photos asserts dates of ca. 1885.
Newspaper summaries and the undeveloped landscape suggest otherwise; that is to
say, Figures 2 and 3 likely represent the mill sometime between 1875 and 1881.
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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Phase II: ca. 1881 - 1917
Charles Hayden purchased a new turbine wheel in 1880, and
proposed an addition of 60 ft of bolt for increased sifting of flour (Phoenix
Herald, March 27, 1880) ( REF _Ref131912191 \h Figure 3).
Apparently, upgrading the wheel and adding the new machinery would require
extensive improvements to the existing structure.
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Figure 3
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A detailed description and illustration of the Hayden Mill
was included in The Arizona Quarterly Illustrated (Vol. 1, No. 4, April
1881) (The Arizona Historical Foundation has fragments of four issues of the
publication; unfortunately, the flour mill illustration and story could not be
located):
It is firmly
built on a rock foundation; the basement of the building, which is an adobe, on
which the adobe walls are laid thirty inches thick. The frontage is 90ft, and
the width 30ft, with a basement and two stories…
The mill is run
by a thirty-and-a-half inch Leffel Turbine water wheel placed under a
twenty-five foot fall. It has four sets of French Burr stones, one of which
issued exclusively for cracking barley and making corn meal, and is supplied
with machinery for cleaning and bolting the cornmeal.
Connected with
the premises there is a sugar mill, also run by water, from which over 10,000
pounds of sugar cake or panocho is made, and sell rapidly to the Mexicans and
Indians at 12˝ cents per cake of one-half pound each. Enough syrup to supply the
settlement is also produced.
A Letter to the Phoenix Herald published July 26,
1881 also read:
CT Hayden, one of our supervisors, has this
season made an addition to his mill, 26 x 93 feet in proportions and three
stories in height, which of itself is larger than any flouring mill in Arizona.
This addition is not entirely completed; is of adobe walls, and will be covered
with an iron roof, the material of which is now at the Maricopa Depot.
The mill has four run of stones, a bran duster,
set in position some months since by the miller, LV Stevens, which in the
increased production of flour proves very valuable; a Smith’s improved middling
purifier; milling separators-in fact, everything is complete. A porcelain
roller, for wheat and middlings, has recently arrived at Maricopa and will be
set up as soon as received. A turbine wheel furnishes the notice power for the
machinery, while a hydraulic ram supplies the water for the dampening hoppers,
etc.
The Arizona Gazette spotlighted Charles Hayden in
its June 20, 1883 edition. A description of the mill read:
The foundation
of the mill was laid in 1872 and from that time until the present there has been
a steady growth until it is one of the finest institutions of the kind on the
pacific coast, and the flour it turns out is as fine as can be made by any mill
in the country. The Mill has a frontage of 90ft on the street and it is three
stories high. Its depth is about 60 feet extending out over the canal from which
it derives its motive power…
The wheel is a
Leffel turbine 38˝ inches in diameter with 25 foot pressure. This drives all the
machinery of the mill and a woodworking machine in the carpenter shop when
needed. There are four run of French burr stones, one of which is used for corn
and crackling barley. The mill is fitted up with all the latest improved
machines, including porcelain rollers, which are used for regrinding the shorts,
thus saving an additional percentage of flour that used to go into the feed
instead of the table…
Analysis of these correspondent accounts indicates an
addition of 30ft was added to the existing structure between July 1881 and June
1883 (the addition was on its west side, facing the street) ( REF _Ref131928323
\h Figure 4, REF _Ref131928146 \h Figure 5,
and REF _Ref131928331 \h Figure 7). The original
foundation and basement housing the waterwheel was probably undisturbed,
although it’s quite possible the foundation was extended on the west to
accommodate the new front.
Just days before the great floods of 1891, the mill was
shut down to install three Cornelius internal rollers (Arizona Republican,
February 10, 1891); it reopened three weeks later. Additional improvements were
made in the early years of the twentieth century (though predominantly equipment
upgrades). Despite references alluding to a fire at the flour mill ca. 1890
(i.e., Tempe Historical Property Survey Number HPS-193), no such event has been
recorded in the available newspaper accounts of the flour mill between 1874–1908
(approximately 100 pages of hand-typed summaries and stories from various
newspapers and publications were acquired from the Carl Hayden Collection at ASU
Hayden Library-Arizona Collection); Kwiatkowski (1999:ii) comes to a similar
conclusion. Prior to 1900, it would appear that the only detailed record of fire
damage on a Hayden property was the Blacksmith-Wagon Shop and adjoining quarters
in 1895.
The mill remained essentially unchanged until July 1917,
when the entire structure burned to the ground. The new mill was constructed
over the remains within a year. Associated structures adjacent to the mill in
this period include a corral, barn, and privy behind the mill (probably
constructed sometime in the 1880s), and a jailhouse/calaboose, and associated
privy constructed between 1887–1890. These features and Phase II representation
of the mill are identified in REF _Ref131928323 \h Figure 4,
REF _Ref131928146 \h Figure 5, REF
_Ref132165691 \h Figure 6, REF _Ref131928331 \h
Figure 7, REF _Ref132165693 \h Figure 8,
REF _Ref132165694 \h Figure 11, and REF
_Ref132165695 \h Figure 12.
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Figure 4
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Figure 5
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Figure 6
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Figure 7
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Figure 8
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Figure 11
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Figure 12
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Phase III: 1918 - 1966
The new structure was constructed with the new daylight
construction style, employed by architects to prevent fires in modern milling
structures (Benton 1996: Historical Survey of the Hayden Flour Mill). Basically,
the new style incorporated multiple stories, larger rooms and spaces, and open
ventilation. Building additions have occurred in this period, including an
enclosure between the grain warehouse and mill, two washhouses, wood frame
addition on the rear side of the mill. REF _Ref132165760 \h Figure 13,
REF _Ref132165762 \h Figure 14, REF
_Ref132165765 \h Figure 15, REF _Ref132165768 \h
Figure 16, REF _Ref132165769 \h Figure 17,
REF _Ref132165791 \h Figure 18, REF
_Ref132165792 \h Figure 21, and REF
_Ref132165771 \h Figure 22 provide a record of
the flour mill from the 1920s through 1989. Depending on the repository where I
retrieved Figures 9 and 10, the dates for these aerials range from 1920 to ca.
1925. We can conclusively state at least that these aerials date between 1918
and 1931 (Mill Avenue Bridge was constructed in 1931). Two list the US Army Air
Corps as the photographers, suggesting these may be part of the Judd photos
currently stored at Pueblo Grande.
Additional figures provided show architectural changes to
the mill and additional structures that were constructed as part of the complex.
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